Excavator Introduction

1. The structure of the excavator

The structure of the excavator is mainly divided into bucket, mechanical arm, fuselage, bulldozer plate and track, the engine, steering motor and other systems are located in the fuselage, the crawler is used for moving, and the bulldozer plate can be used to bulldoze and stabilize the body. The most important control of the excavator is the mechanical arm and the bucket, the mechanical arm and the bucket are like the human arm, the big arm corresponds to the big arm of the person, the small arm corresponds to the small arm of the person, and the bucket corresponds to the human hand. The bucket can be changed in size, and can also be replaced with a breaker and a gripper, in which the use of a breaker and a gripper needs to be connected to the oil pipe on the small arm, there are two oil pipes, divided into oil pipes and oil outlets, if the connection is wrong, the breaker and the gripper will not work normally.

2. The basic operation of the excavator

To drive the excavator, you only need to control a total of 6 joysticks, 2 robotic arms and buckets, 2 tracks, 1 bulldozer and 1 breaker and gripper. When entering the cab of the excavator, you must first fasten the seat belt to prevent the excavator from rolling over and causing injury, then pull up the bumper, reduce the throttle to a minimum, and then ignite, after ignition, you must warm up the engine for about 3 minutes to avoid injury to the engine. The bumper must be pulled up to ignite, otherwise it will not start. Pulling up the bumper will lock all the movements of the excavator, and be sure to pull up the bumper while waiting to avoid losses caused by misoperation.

The crawler lever of the excavator is located directly in front of the driver's seat, the left lever controls the left track, the right lever controls the right track, the lever pushes forward, the crawler rotates forward, and pushes backward to rotate. The operating levers on the left and right sides of the driver's seat are the operating levers of the mechanical arm and the bucket, the operating lever on the left controls the small arm before and after, the small arm is stretched forward if pushed forward, and the small arm is retracted when pushed back; the operating lever on the left controls the rotating motor left and right, and the fuselage turns right when pushed to the left, and the fuselage turns right when pushed to the right. The right lever controls the boom forward and backward, pushes forward to lower the boom, pushes back to raise the boom, and the right lever controls the bucket left and right, digging to the left, and pushing right to fall. The dozer plank's lever is usually located on the right side of the driver's seat, with a push forward lowering the dozer board and a backward push raising the dozer plank. The breaker is usually pedaled by foot, located next to the track lever, and when it is stepped on, the breaker works, lifts and stops.

The first step in learning to drive an excavator is to be familiar with the function and use of each operating lever of the excavator, the most important thing is to enhance the control and feel of the various actions of the excavator, as well as the cooperation of each action. The mixed action of the big arm, small arm and bucket must be natural, so that it can be used freely like its own hands; the excavator is not afraid of the front and rear drops, and the most afraid of the left and right unevenness, because the front and rear drops can be assisted by the mechanical arm to cooperate with the passage, and the left and right unevenness will roll over. As soon as the mechanical arm moves, the center of gravity of the excavator will change, the center of gravity of the excavator and the position of the bucket are closely related, the bucket is stretched forward, the center of gravity of the excavator is moved forward, the center of gravity is inward to be recovered, the center of gravity is raised by the bucket, and the center of gravity is moved down when the bucket is probed.

Excavator uphill and downhill, as well as uneven road conditions, need the mechanical arm to cooperate with the crawler to move; uphill need to stretch the bucket forward as much as possible, while hooking the ground, control the crawler forward at the same time, retract the small arm to lift the big arm, when the excavator moves to the position of the bucket hook, need to release the bucket, hook the ground in front of the front again, and then continue to move forward; too steep slope excavator can not go up, do not take the risk. When the excavator goes downhill, it needs to use the bucket to support the low place to avoid the excavator turning forward, and the operation is similar to the uphill slope, but it does not need to hook the ground, only need to be supported by the back of the bucket.

When changing the direction of the crawler, the cooperation of the mechanical arm is also required, the excavator is supported with a bucket first, only part of the two tracks is left to touch the ground, the crawler turns to the right and needs to rotate the steering motor to the left, and the right track retreats at the same time, and the left track moves forward (the two crawler operating rods cannot be reversed at the same time, must be one in front and one behind), and the three actions are completed in coordination; the crawler needs to rotate the steering motor to the right when turning to the left, and the right track moves forward at the same time, and the left track retreats; the mechanical arm and the bucket can not exceed the diagonal of the two tracks when they cooperate with the steering, otherwise they will topple。

The excavator is most afraid of water, the water level is more than half of the crawler can not go, rather not to make money than to take the excavator risk; at the same time before moving also to use the bucket teeth to test the soil conditions, too thin and too soft ground is easy for the excavator to sink into, it is difficult to climb out again when it falls in. The excavator can use the bulldozer to stabilize the fuselage when working, and the excavator can also move the excavator to control the bulldozer board at the same time to bulldoze the earth. The bucket is fixed to the lower arm with 2 pins, and when you want to replace the bucket, you need to pull out these 2 pins, and then align them with the holes of the new bucket or breaker, insert the pins and fix them; If the breaker is replaced, two oil pipes need to be connected, and attention should be paid to distinguishing the oil pipe and the oil pipe.

When the track falls off, you need to first remove the butter screws of the tensioner, squeeze the tensioner, release the butter, and then install the track, screw on the butter screws, and fill the butter, then the track will be reinstalled. When the excavator is working, it is necessary to pay attention to carefully rubbing the cylinder and fuselage of the mechanical arm, the excavator above the micro digging has a butt, and when turning, be careful that the butt hits the building and people, pay attention to the right side of the butt when the bucket turns left, and pay attention to the left side of the butt when the bucket turns right (just opposite to the direction of the bucket). Every day after work, grease every movable position of the robotic arm and rotary motor to reduce the wear and tear of the excavator. When parking the excavator, it needs to be parked on a flat ground, and there is no risk of falling objects overhead, so as to avoid smashing the excavator, and at the same time, the oil cylinder that controls the bucket should be retracted, and the bucket teeth should gently touch the ground to avoid damaging the oil cylinder. Check the oil, coolant and hydraulic oil before starting the excavator every morning to avoid damage to the excavator.

The risk of driving an excavator is often in the movement and work, and efficiency must be the priority when working, every bucket must be full, and every action must be productive and meaningful. The first step to learn to drive an excavator is to stop, stop is more important than action, because stopping can reduce the risk, stopping moving can reduce the risk of damage to the excavator, stopping the control of the mechanical arm can reduce the risk of injuring people and destroying things, and no accident is winning. When entering the construction site, the first step is to assess whether the width of the left and right, the height up and down is enough for the excavator to pass, rotate and lift the boom, and whether there are potential risks such as puddles and steep slopes;

There are 4 realms of excavators, the first realm is to rely on technology to open, the second realm is organic in the heart, the third realm is that the machine is me, I am the machine, the integration of man and machine, the fourth realm is inorganic and selfless, the machine and I forget, the Tao is natural.

3. Work skills for various construction tasks: loading, throwing soil, digging trenches, leveling, crushing

Skillfully operating the excavator and making all kinds of movements as you like is the foundation, just like getting familiar with your body first. On this basis, it is also necessary to learn the working skills of various construction tasks, just like although the hands grow on our bodies, all kinds of handicrafts also need to be learned and practiced. The following aspects should be considered during construction: machine position, track orientation, fuselage, robotic arm, bucket.

Loading: The most important thing for loading is that each bucket must be full, otherwise it will be inefficient, and it is necessary to ensure that every action is meaningful and productive. Usually the loading should stand on the material, repair the retreat road, and then retreat while loading, which is the most efficient. After digging the bucket, raise the bucket higher than the height of the door, then place the bucket in the door, and then pour the material, fill the car until it is almost overflowing, and then honk the horn to signal the muck truck to pull it away. After the muck truck leaves, it is necessary to seize the time to repair the retreat road and collect the material spilled on the ground.

Throwing side: Throwing square refers to transferring a pile of soil to another position, because the bucket volume of the excavator is limited, the length of the mechanical arm is also limited, so the transfer efficiency of the soil is not high, if the position to be transferred is too far, it is necessary to throw many times to move the soil over, so if the position is too far, try to use the muck truck to cooperate with the transfer. Before throwing the square, the excavator should stand on the straight line connected to the soil and the destination, turn to the destination direction to pour the soil after digging a bucket, and then turn to the soil to dig the bucket, and repeat this operation.

Trenching: The requirements for trenching are that the trench should be straight, the bottom of the trench should be flat, the depth should meet the requirements, and the width should be standard. When digging a trench, it is common to put lime lines on the ground to mark the direction of the trench, and most of the time the soil dug can be poured directly next to the trench for backfilling, but sometimes it needs to be loaded and pulled away. Decide whether the ditch is dug straight or not is the position of the excavator, if the excavator deviates from the lime line when moving, the ditch dug out will also be crooked, so you need to find a reference object on the excavator when moving, and move with the reference object to align the lime line, when digging the trench, you can use the root of the bucket and the big arm to align the lime line (two points determine a straight line), as long as the position and the mechanical arm bucket are aligned with the lime line, the ditch will not be dug crookedly. The depth of the ditch construction staff usually tells that you can find a wooden stick as a reference, or you can use a bucket and a small arm as a reference, and you have to get off the car to measure every time you dig a section to see if the depth meets the requirements, and the width can also be controlled in the same way. When digging a trench, the left and right sides of the excavator must stand flat, because if the fuselage is oblique, the bucket is also oblique, and the trench dug will be high and low on one side. As long as the depth control is good, the bottom of the ditch will basically be flat. 

Leveling: leveling is one of the most difficult construction tasks of the excavator, which not only tests the control ability and feel of the excavator, but also tests the eyesight. The first step of leveling is the same as digging a trench, to stand flat left and right of the excavator, otherwise the bucket teeth will be inclined with the inclination of the fuselage, the bucket teeth must all be leveled to be better leveled, otherwise only part of the bucket teeth can be leveled, reduce the area of the bucket when each time it is retracted, greatly reduce the efficiency, and increase the difficulty at the same time. To level an uneven ground, rely on the bucket to stretch out and then retract the drawn area for superposition, touch the ground with the bucket teeth, collect the small arm while lifting the big arm, ensure that the bucket teeth run at a height, so that the trajectory can be leveled, and to ensure that the height of this action made by the bucket every time is almost the same, otherwise the ground will be uneven, so the larger the leveling area, the greater the difficulty, because you need to do more times to complete this action, and the more superimposed it is, the more difficult it is to control the unity of height. If the area is too large, it is advisable to switch to a larger excavator because it has a wider bucket and a longer reach. Leveling to find a starting point first, by the construction staff with a measuring instrument to set the height, determine the height according to the height of the leveling, if the area is too large in the mind to divide it into a small area, first complete a small area, and then the adjacent small area, a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. When leveling, the camera position should stand in a position that has not yet been leveled, and retreat while leveling, so it is necessary to roughly smooth the retreat road first, at least to ensure that the fuselage will not tilt, can stand firmly, and try not to press the leveled area. After each small area, let the builder confirm whether the height meets the requirements, and then continue to complete the next area if there is no problem. 

Crushing: Crushing requires replacing the crushing hammer and wearing noise-canceling earplugs to protect hearing. When crushing, the drill rod should be perpendicular to the ground at 90 degrees, and the small arm should not be perpendicular to the ground, otherwise the cylinder will be damaged. After the angle of the drill rod is adjusted, lower the boom to increase the weight pressure on the crushing head, and then press the crushing pedal to crush. Do not forcibly pry when pulling out the chisel, otherwise the chisel may be broken. When crushing, the excavator should stand on the broken concrete block, crush the concrete in front, retract the small arm after crushing, pry the concrete, and then make the concrete block roughly even, so as to keep the fuselage stable, and then move the machine position to continue to crush the concrete in front.